Major art movements and their characteristics include:

1. Renaissance (14th-17th century): Emphasis on realism, perspective, and classical themes
2. Baroque (17th-18th century): Dramatic, emotional, and ornate style with strong contrast
3. Impressionism (late 19th century): Focus on capturing light and color in everyday scenes
4. Cubism (early 20th century): Breaking subjects into geometric shapes and showing multiple viewpoints
5. Surrealism (20th century): Exploring the subconscious mind through dreamlike and irrational imagery
6. Abstract Expressionism (mid-20th century): Emphasizing spontaneous, intuitive creation and emotional expression

Renaissance influence on art:

1. Realism: Increased focus on accurate representation of human anatomy and nature
2. Perspective: Development of linear perspective for creating depth in paintings
3. Humanism: Emphasis on individual achievement and the human form
4. Classical revival: Renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman art and culture
5. Patronage: Growth of art commissions from wealthy patrons and the Church
6. Techniques: Advancements in oil painting and sfumato (soft, hazy outlines)

Significance of modern art:

1. Breaking traditions: Challenged conventional ideas about art and representation
2. Experimentation: Explored new techniques, materials, and forms of expression
3. Abstraction: Moved away from realistic representation towards abstract concepts
4. Social commentary: Addressed political and social issues of the time
5. Individuality: Emphasized the artist's personal vision and style
6. Influence: Paved the way for contemporary art and continues to impact current artistic practices